Techniques of measuring color are visual color comparison, colorimetry (with colorimeters) and spectrophotometry (measuring spectral reflectance), and image analysis. Both techniques measure the reflection or absorption of light by materials and are commonly quantified. Therefore standardized in color spaces such as CIELAB or RGB.

The most common standard measuring gloss is ASTM D523, which covers the procedures of using a gloss meter at 20°, 60°, and 85° angles. The other international standard that is widely used in industrial and laboratory applications is the ISO 2813.

A calorimeter is used to measure heat that is gained or lost during a chemical or physical reaction. A sample is taken in an insulated container, and a temperature change is measured. This assists in computing the alterations in energy by the equation Q = mcΔT, where Q is heat.

 A spectrophotometer illuminates a sample with light or passes light through it and records the reflected or transmitted light over the wavelength range. It transforms this data into color coordinates (such as L*a*b*), allowing accurate color assessment as well as color comparison to standards.

 Color is measured using devices such as colorimeters, spectrophotometers, and spectroradiometers. Colorimeters are easier and good for simple color quality tests. Whereas spectrophotometers yield detailed spectral information. Hence, suitable for laboratories and industries.

When using a Pantone light box, each sample should be positioned flat and nearby the other samples, but not overlapping. Each one should also be in the middle of the light box, and the surfaces of the light box should be clean and non-reflective.

In industrial production and quality control, color consistency is one of the core elements determining product quality. Whether it is the metallic paint for automobile coating, the dyeing effect of textile fabrics, or the ink matching in packaging and printing, subtle color deviations may lead to cost waste or damage to brand image.

The LAB color space defines colors with a three-dimensional model:

1. Lightness (L): It indicates the lightness or darkness of a color, ranging from 0 (pure black) to 100 (pure white).

2. Hue and Saturation (a and b):

• The a-axis represents the red-green tendency, with positive values leaning towards red and negative values leaning towards green;

• The b-axis represents the yellow-blue tendency, with positive values leaning towards yellow and negative values leaning towards blue.

It is a globally recognized standard and supported by most modern color measurement equipment. Color is quantitatively analyzed by measuring Lab values with instruments.

The most important equation is A = 2εcl, where A is the absorbance, 2 is a constant, ε is the molar absorptivity (L/mol cm), c is the concentration (molL-11), and l is the path length (cm). This can be used to relate the absorbance to the concentration, allowing quantification through colorimetric assays.

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An inappropriate viewing angle may lead to reflections or color shifts in the light. The correct angle of 45 or 0 will provide the real color of the assessment without the distraction of glare.